Unit-I: General Sociology

• The emergence of Sociology as an Academic Discipline; Sociological Perspectives; Scientific The character of Sociology; Nature, Scope, and Significance of Sociology.
• Basic Concepts; Society, Community, Association, Institution, Organization, Status and Role, Culture, Norms and Values, Socialization, Social Conformity and Deviance, Ethnicity and Race, Sex, and Gender.
• Social Control: Concept, Types, Agencies, Significance.
• Social Change: Concept, Types, Factors, Theories; Liberalization and Globalisation.
• Social Stratification: Concept, Types, Theories; Social Mobility; Caste, Class, And Gender.
• Social Perspectives of Religion.
• Social Group: Concept, Types, Significance.

Unit-II: Sociological Thought

• A. Comte: Law of Three Stages, Positivism, Social Statics and Dynamics, Hierarchy of
  Sciences.
• H. Spencer: Organicism, Social Evolution.
• E. Durkheim: Social Fact, Division of Labour, Suicide, Religion.
• K. Marx: Dialectical Materialism, Historical Materialism, Base and Superstructure, Class and Class Struggle, Alienation, Social Revolution.
• M. Weber: Methodology, Social Action, Power and Authority, Bureaucracy, Protestant Ethics and Spirit of Capitalism.
• V. Pareto: Residue and Derivation, Circulation of Elite.

Unit-III: Sociological Theories

• Nature and Task of Theory; Macro and Micro Sociology.
• Functionalism: General Propositions; Views of T. Parsons and R. K. Merton.
• Conflict Perspective: General Propositions; Views of R. Dahrendorf and L. A. Coser.
• Social Interaction Perspective – General Propositions; Views of Mead and Blumer.

Unit-IV: Research Methodology

• Social Research and Social Survey: Concepts, Characteristics, Types, Importance, Various Steps in Formulation and Reporting.
• Hypothesis.
• Research Design- Meaning, Function, Phases, Difference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Research.
• Sampling.
• Techniques of Data Collection.

Unit-V: Indian Society and Culture

• Society in Pre – British India.
• British Rule and Its Impact upon Indian Society.
• The genesis of Sociology in India; Indological, Historical Dialectical and Subaltern Perspective.
• Indian Social Institutions: Family-Structure, Functions, Changes; Marriage-Forms, Functions, Changes; Kinship- Concept, Types, Rules of Descent, Usages.
• Changes in Indian Society – Sanskritization; Westernization; Modernization; Secularization; Introduction of Local Self Govt; Land Reform and its Consequences.
• Caste and Tribe: Concept, Characteristics, Changing Perspective.
• Rural and Urban Society in India and Its Emerging Issues.
• Indian Social Problems – (i) Population Explosion; Poverty; Illiteracy; Unemployment. (ii) Communalism; Regionalism; Terrorism; and Insurgency. (iii) Corruption. (iv) Environmental Issues. (v) Problems of Weaker Sections – SC; ST; OBI; Minorities Children; Gender Justice and Women Related Issue.

Unit-1: Geomorphology

• Earth Crust, Rocks, Wagner’s Continental Drift Theory, Plate Tectonic Theory.
• Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Associated Land Forms.
• Landforms Associated With Endogenetic Process: Folds And Faults.
• Concept of Gradation, Weathering, and Mass Wasting.
• Landform Associated With Exogenetic Processes: Fluvial, Glacial, Aeolian, And Marine.
• Drainage Patterns and Channel Patterns, Relation of Drainage Patterns with Structure and Topography.
• Davisian Cycle of Erosion: Fluvial and Arid.

Unit-2: Oceanography

• Topography of Ocean Floor.
• Bottom Relief of the Pacific, Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean.
• Origin and Classification of Ocean Deposit.
• Determinants of Temporary and Salinity of Ocean Water.
• Ocean Currents of the Pacific, Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean.
• Ocean as a Storehouse of Resources.

Unit-3: Climatology

• Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere.
• Elements of Weather and Climate.
• Insolation, Heat Budget, Factors Controlling Temperature, Inversion of Temperature.
• Pressure Belts and Wind System.
• Atmospheric Disturbances and Associated Weather: Tropical Cyclone Extra-Tropical Cyclone, Anticyclone.
• Indian Monsoon: Origin, Characteristics, and Effects.
• Precipitation: Processes, Forms, Types of Rainfall.
• Climatic Characteristics: Equatorial, Monsoon, Mediterranean, Desert, Steppe, Tundra, Highland.

Unit-4: Biogeography

• Components of Biosphere.
• Ecosystem: Concept, Importance, and Types.
• Factors and Processes of Soil Formation, Soil Profile, Soil Erosion, and Conservation.
• Factors of Plant Growth, World Distribution of Forests and Their Utility, Deforestation, and Conservation of Forest.
• Concept and Importance of Biodiversity.
• Concept and Classification of Biome.

Unit-5: Environmental Geography

• Concept of Environmental Degradation, Pollution, and Pollutants.
• Different Types of Pollution: Air, Water, Land, and Noise- Their Causes, Consequences, and Mitigations.
• Causes and Effects of Ozone Depletion.
• Green House Effect and Climate Change.
• Concept of Hazards, Vulnerability, Risk, And Disaster.
• Natural Hazards: Earthquake, Flood, Landslide, Riverbank Erosion, Tsunami, Cyclone Their Causes Effects and Management.
• Ecosystem (Principles and Components, Energy Flow, Food Chain, Food Web and Biogeochemical Cycles); Biomes (Concepts, Types, and Ecological Adaptation); Environmental Degradation and Hazards, Management and Conservation; Meaning of Natural Environment; Man-Environment Relationship; Natural Regions and Environmental Adaptation of Human Life; Economy and Society.

Unit-6: Economic Geography

• Resources: Concept, Classification, Significance.
• Types of Fishing, Factors Controlling the Development of World Commercial Fishing Grounds, Conservation of Fishes.
• Lumbering in Temperature and Tropical Region.
• Mineral Resources: Iron Ore, Manganese, Copper, and Mica.
• Mineral Resources of Tripura.
• Power Resources: Conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Uranium, and Thorium); NonConventional (Solar, Biogas, Wind, Tidal, Geothermal); Water as Source of Power, Conservation of Power Resources, Power Resources of Tripura.
• Agriculture: Shifting, Intensive Subsistence, Extensive Commercial, Plantation, and mixed farming.
• Agricultural Crops: Rice, Wheat, Tea, Rubber and Their World Distribution.
• Concept of Green Revolution, White Revolution, and Blue Revolution.

Unit-7: Industrial Geography

• Factors for Development of Industries.
• Agro-Based Industries: Food Processing-India and Tripura. Cotton Textile- USA and India. ReadyMade Garments-India. Jute Textiles-Bangladesh and India.
• Forest-Based Industries: Paper-India and Canada. Rubber-Southeast Asia, Brazil, and India.
• Mineral-Based Industries: Iron and Steel-USA, UK, Japan, China, and India. Petro Chemical-India and USA.
• Engineering and Automobiles- India and USA.
• International Trade: Causes, Principle And Importance.
• Function and Role of World Trade Organisation (WTO).

Unit-8: Population Geography

• Factors Affecting the Distribution and Density of Population; Trends in Population Growth, Demographic Transition Model; Present Status of India.
• Migration, Age-Sex Ratio; Determinants of Population Change.
• Types and Pattern of Rural Settlement.
• Classification of Urban Settlements.
• Urbanization: Process, Trends, and Problems.

Unit-9: Geography of India with special reference to Tripura

• Physiography and Drainage.
• Climate, Soil, and Natural Vegetation.
• Agriculture: Characteristics and Problems.
• Different Industrial Regions of India: Mumbai-Pune; Ahmedabad-Surat; Highly-Haldia; DurgapurAsansol; Chotonagpur Industrial Belt and Industrial Electronic Area of Bangaluru.
• Problems and Prospect of Industrial Development of Tripura.
• Prospects of Tourism Development in Tripura.
• Transport System of Tripura.

Unit-10: Practical Geography

• Maps and Scale: Types of Maps, Chorocromatic and Cropleth Maps, Concept of Scale.
• Projection: Definition, Classification, Concept of Standard Parallel, Properties of Simple Conical Projection, Cylindrical Equal Area Projection and Stereographic Projection.
• Topographical Maps: Conventional Signs, Concept of Contour, Relief Features, Drainage Patterns, Settlement Patterns.
• Weather Maps: Meteorological Symbols, Gradient of Pressure, Wind Velocity and Direction, Sky Condition and Other Atmospheric Phenomena.
• Concept of Isotherm, Isobar, Isohyets, Range of Temperature, and Relative Humidity.
• Statistics: Concept of Data, Primary and Secondary Data, Tabulation and Classification of Data, Frequency Distribution, Histogram, Polygon, and Ogive.
• Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode.
• Measures of Dispersion: Quartile, Percentile, and Decile.
• Necessity and Importance of Field Survey, Random Sampling, Questionnaire, and  Schedule.

• Basic Concepts: Economic Concept, Economic System, Economic Equilibrium.
• Consumer Behaviour: Concept and Methodology, Cardinal and Ordinal utility, limitation of cardinal utility analysis, Indifference curve approach, Consumer’s Equilibrium, Price effect, Income effect, substitution effect, Revealed Preference Theory.
• The behavior of the Firm: Production, Cost, Revenue

UNIT II

• Market: Different forms: Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Imperfect Competition – Monopolistic Competition, Duopoly, Oligopoly (All equilibrium situations in markets are to be considered), Bilateral Monopoly, Monopsony.
• Theory of Distribution: General theory, Wage, Rent, Interest, Profit.
• Basics of Welfare Economics: Pareto Optimality in Production, Consumption and ProductMix, Social Welfare Function, Grand Utility Possibility Frontier, Social Equilibrium.

UNIT III

• National Income: Different concepts, Circular Flow of Income, Concept of National aggregate, Different forms of National Aggregates, Measurement of National Income.
• Theory of Income and Employment: Classical Approach and Keynesian Approach
• Consumption Function, Investment Function, Concepts of Multiplier and Accelerator.

UNIT IV

• Money: Concept and Functions of Money, Supply of Money: Commercial Bank as a supplier of money through Credit Creation, Functions of Central Bank and Credit Control Policies as a determinant of Supply of Money, Concepts of M1, M2, M3.
• Demand for Money: Quantity theory and its different versions (Fisher, Cambridge)
• Inflation, Deflation, and Stagflation: Concepts, Causes of Inflation, Effects of Inflation, Antiinflationary measures through Monetary and Fiscal Policies. Business Cycle: Concepts, Phases, Characteristics.

UNIT V

• International Trade: Basis of Trade: Absolute and Comparative Advantage (Adam Smith and David Ricardo), Terms of Trade, Gains from Trade. Barriers of Trade: Tariff, Quota, Subsidy.
• Free Trade and Protection: Concepts and Methods – Recent International Policy on Trade Liberalisation.
• Exchange Rate: Fixed, Floating, Concepts of Balance of Trade and Balance of Payment, Correction in the Balance of Payment.

UNIT VI

• Concept of Public Finance, Role, and Policy of the State in managing the economy through Public Finance, Income and Expenditure of the State, Budget: Concept and Method of Preparation.
• Tax and Non-Tax Revenue – Tax: Different types (Direct and Indirect), Policies and Principles of Taxation, Impact, and Incidence of Taxes.
• Public Expenditure: Principles, Public Debt: Different Forms and Impact. Fiscal Policy: Expansionary and Contractionary, Deficit Financing.

UNIT VII

• Concept of Economic Growth and Development: Differences and determinants, Indicators of Economic Development, Features of a Less Developed Economy
• Theoretical Approach and Stages of Economic Development (Rostow, Marx, Lewis) Strategy of Development: Choice of Technique, Balanced and Unbalanced Growth.
• Trade and Development: Trade as an engine of Economic Growth and Development, Foreign Aid: Role in Development, Types, and Policies, Institutions (IMF, World Bank, WTO), Multi-National Corporation. Environment and Development: Sustainable Development.

UNIT VIII

• Indian Economy: Features, Sectoral Composition of National Income, Population, Employment, Poverty.
• Indian Agriculture: Role, Productivity, Causes of low productivity, Measures to raise productivity, Land Reform, Green Revolution.
• Agricultural Labourer: Problems and Measures for improving the condition of laborers, Agricultural and Rural Credit: Forms, sources, and problems, Institutions for providing rural credit: Functions and performances

UNIT IX

• Industry: Large Scale and Small Scale – Role of Industry – Public Sector and Private Sector, Industrial Policy and Economic Reforms. Industrial Labour: Problems, Resolve of disparities, Social Security measures. Industrial Credit: Problems and measures by relevant institutions.
• The pattern of Indian Foreign Trade: Exports and Imports: Trends and Categories, Trade Policy, Problems in Indian Balance of Payments and related correction measures.
• Sources of Revenue of Central and State Governments, Indian Tax Structure, center-state Financial Relations, Budget, and Budgetary Policies. Reserve Bank of India: Monetary Policies, Banking Reforms, Non-Banking Financial Intermediaries, Insurance Sector: Regulatory Authorities, Functions.

UNIT X

• Indian Planned Development: Plan Experiences in Indian Economic Development – Agriculture, Industry and Tertiary Sector, NITI Ayog: Formation and Role.
• Statistics: Collection and Presentation of Data: Graphical and Tabular Method, Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode, Preparation of Index Number: Examples in Indian Economy, Wholesale Price Index, Consumer Price Index.
• Measures of Dispersion: Range, Mean Deviation, and Standard Deviation. Correlation and Regression: Concepts and Types. Basic Concepts of Mathematical Function, Straight line, Curvature, Slope

• Definition, Development of Psychology (Old Concept to Modern Concept), Characteristics of Psychology as a Basic Science.
• Schools of Psychology: Structural, Functional, Psychodynamic, Behaviouristic, Gestalt and Humanistic Approach.
• Methods of Psychology; Observation, Introspection, Experimental, Questionnaire, Survey, Case Study, Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal.
• Branches of Psychology, Fields, and Scope.

• Physiological Psychology – Concept and Importance.
• Cell Structure, Types, and Components.
• Neuron-Structure, Types and Function, Synapses and Synaptic Transmission.
• Nervous System- CNS (With Special Reference to Brain and Spinal Cord), ANS and PNS Their Types and Functions.
• Neural Impulse-Action and Resting Potential, Neural Impulse Cycle, Neurotransmitters Their Role on Behaviour.
• Endocrine System- Structure, Functions, and Abnormalities of Major Glands-Pituitary, Thymus, Adrenals, Pancreas, Pineal, and Gonads.

• Sensory Processes, Attribute and Types (Special, Muscular and Organic), Measurement of SensationWeber-Fechner Law, Signal Detection Theory; Psycho-Physical Methods.
• Perceptual Processes: Determinants; Perception of Form, Space, and Movement; Perceptual Organisation-Concept and Principles; Perceptual Disorganisation-Types and Causes.
• Attention-Nature, Characteristics, and Types; Factors Influencing Attention- Subjective, Objective, and Physiological.

• Encoding, Storage, Retrieval Processes, Types of Memory, Economic Methods of Memorisation.
• Forgetting-Nature and Causes, Curve of Forgetting.
• Thinking Process-Concept Formation, Cognitive Map, Problem Solving and Reasoning, CreativityNature, Characteristics, Theories, and Measurement.

• Emotion: Nature and Expressions, Theories of Emotion-James-Lange, Canyon-Bard, McDougall and Activation Theory.
• Motivation: Concept, Biogenic and Sociogenic Motives, Theories of Motivation-Maslow, Weiner, McClelland.
• Personality: Concept and Characteristics, Trait and Type Approaches, Assessment of Personality.

• Scope and Method, Principles of Development, Determinants-Psychogenic, Biogenic, and Sociogenic; Concept of Growth and Maturation.
• Stages of Development- Prenatal and Postnatal (Up-to Adolescence). Adolescence-Needs and Problems, Identity Development, Identity Crisis.
• Domains of Development: Cognitive, Language, Personality, Social and Moral Development. Theories of Development-Freud, Piaget, Erikson, Bandura and Kohlberg.

• Nature Scope and Methods of Educational Psychology.
• Intelligence: Nature Types and Determinants. Theories-Spearman, Guilford, Thorndike,  Thurstone, Gardner, and Sternberg. Measurement of Intelligence-Verbal and Non-Verbal Test of Intelligence. Concept of EQ, SQ and IQ. Educational Implication of Intelligence. Aptitude-Relation between Intelligence and Aptitude. Assessment of Aptitude.
• Backwardness (Mental Retardation, Learning Disability) and Giftedness-Identification, Causes and Rehabilitation.
• Learning Processes: Concepts and Factors – Affecting, Theories of Learning-Trial and Error, Classical and Operant Conditioning, Insightful Learning, Transfer of Learning.

• Social Psychology: Nature, Origin and Development; Social Psychology in Indian Context, Social Influence and Forms (Imitation, Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience); Social Cognition; Social Attitude (Formation, Change, and Measurement).
• Group: Classification, Structure, and Function; Crowd and Mob Behaviour; Prejudice; Stereotype and Discrimination-Origin and Management.
• Leadership: Characteristics, Types, and Functions; Leadership Training.
• Organizational Psychology: Origin, Scope, and Importance.
• Organizational Environment: Physical, Temporal and Psychological-Their Influence on Output; Organisational Climate and its Impact on Work.
• Stress in Wok Place: Causes, Effects, and Management; Concept of Health Psychology.

• Historical Perspective, Concept of Normality and Abnormality, Concept of Adjustment, Maladjustment (Causes, Symptoms, and Forms).
• Classification of Mental Disorder with Special Reference to ICD and DSM.
• Mental Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment of Anxiety-disorder (GAD, Phobia, and OCD), Conversion, Mood Disorder (Depression- Unipolar and Bipolar, Dysthymia), Schizophrenia, Delusional Disorder.
• Psychotherapy and Counselling: Approaches, Techniques, and Implications.

• Experimental Research Design- Meaning and Purpose, Concept of Variables, Hypothesis- Concept and Types, Concept of Randomisation and Matching.
• Statistics in Psychology: Basic Statistics, Frequency Distribution, and Its Graphical  Representation, Measures of Central Tendency, Measures of Variability, Normal Probability Curve- Concept and Characteristics, Deviation From Normal Probability Curve (Skewness and Kurtosis), Application of Normal Probability Curve.
• Correlation- Concept, and Types; Inferential Statistics- Concept of t-Test, Chi-Square.
• Construction and Standardisation of Psychological Test; Concept of Item Analysis; Detail  Study of Reliability and Validity; Establishment of Norm